• 喀麦隆

喀麦隆森林管理和木材贸易法律框架

森林治理

森林和野生动物部 (Ministère des Forêts et de la Faune – MINFOF) 主要负责制定森林政策、森林立法框架和执行森林法,以及制定森林和野生动物的相关国际公约。MINFOF 有三个主要的林业技术局:(1) Direction des Forêts;(2) Direction de la Promotion et de la Transformation des Produits Forestiers;以及 (3) Direction de la Faune et des Aires Protégées。

合法采伐权

商用林业主要通过工业伐木特许权在永久林区实施,通过公开招标将这些特许权分配给喀麦隆和外国实体。森林管理单位 (Unités Forestières d’Aménagement – UFA) 是基层的采伐单位,最大规模为 200,000 公顷,管理期限为 30 年。一个森林特许权包括一个或多个 UFA。根据其许可合同,森林特许权持有人必须将其特许权与工业加工单位相关联,从而为偏远农村社区提供稳定的就业机会,并为国家提供额外的收入流 (ITTO, 2011)。

除了森林特许权,还有各种其他类型的森林开采权 (WRI, 2012),包括:

  • 委员会森林。在制定林业局批准的管理计划后,农村委员会有权在永久林区依法申请森林财产。委员会森林本质上是森林特许权,但它们由农村委员会而非国家政府管辖,并且可以通过公开招标的方式出租,以获得伐木权。
  • 共有林是非永久林区内被划定专供农村社区使用的区域。想要获得森林所有权的农村社区确定一个不超过 5,000 公顷的区域,然后向政府提交申请。申请获得批准后,政府会与社区签署一份为期 2 年的临时公约(不可续期)。在此期间,社区会制定一个简单的管理计划。管理计划获得 MINFOF 批准后,社区可签订 25 年可续期的永久公约。
  • 立木材积销售 (Vente de coupe) 是基于采伐量的短期伐木许可证,通常在非永久林区使用。通过竞标程序分配该许可证,其有效期最长为 3 年,并且不得超过 2,500 公顷。不需要运作管理计划。在授予该许可证之前,MINFOF 必须询问周围社区是否愿意建立共有林。

Petits Titres,是将小量伐木许可证组合在一起的一类所有权,涵盖了其他所有权中未描述的各种情况。它包括木材回收许可证 (autorisation de récupération des bois - ARB)、木材疏散许可证 (autorisation d’enlèvement des bois abattus - AEB) 和个人伐木许可证 (autorisations personnelles de coupe - APC)。在非永久林区将 petits titres 以团体所有权的形式分配给喀麦隆国民,为期一年

税费和费用

各种税收均与森林特许权的林业活动和立木材积的销售额有关:

  • 主要的税收是 RFAredevance forestière annuelle 年度林业税),在获得森林特许权的招标期间确定其税额。RFA 的一半缴纳给国家,另一半缴纳给村庄(理论上,这笔费用的 1/5 用于为社区发展项目提供资金)。金额因供应量而异,森林特许权的最低价格为每公顷 1,000 非洲法郎(约 1.50 欧元),立木材积的最低售价为 2,500 非洲法郎(3.80 欧元);
  • 另一种林业税是 TAtaxe dabattage 采伐税),根据 2019 年财务法,它占采伐的原木总量(基于 DF10 现场登记表)FOB 值的 4%。
  • 其他税收则为林业和木材加工业的专有税项:
    • 出口出境税:原木税率为 35%,成品和半成品木材税率为 10%。
    • 原木的 SEsurtaxe à l'exportation 出口附加费),从每立方米 500 非洲法郎到 4,000 非洲法郎(约 6.10 欧元)不等,具体取决于树种。 

这些值会出现波动,原则上必须每六个月修订一次树种的 FOB 值,进而对这些值进行修订。

应指出的是,TEUtaxe entrée usine 进厂税)已于 2019 年取消,但仍在使用进厂笔记簿。

林业公司还需缴纳一般税收和关税,例如增值税和公司税。对于采用实际利润税制的公司,首次缴税金额应占营业额的 1%,且必须在下个月 15 日之前缴纳。若有额外的市政税,则首次缴税金额会增加 10%。

木材采伐活动

特许权最初是根据 Convention provisoire dexploitation 发放的。该临时开采合同最长期限为三年,不可续期。在临时协议签署后的三年内,特许经营商必须进行某些工作,包括完成多资源清查和制定开发计划。若正确履行这些义务,主管森林的部长将根据临时开采协议的条款发放合规证书。这时,上述协议的持有人可以申请最终伐木协议的归属,有效期为 15 年,可续期一次。根据政府首脑 — 总理的法令以森林特许权的形式授予最终伐木协议。管理计划是技术干预的计划表,旨在确保对相关表面积的各种资源进行可持续管理。它的有效期为 30 年,每五年修订一次。该长期管理计划必须获得 MINFOF 的批准。它将林区分为不同的区域,包括保护区和生产区。后者分为 6 个五年等量管理单位,又分为 5 个年容许砍伐量 (AAC)。森林管理单位 (FMU) 总共分为 30 个年度容许砍伐量。  

开始采伐前,公司应为年度采伐区块 (AAC) 制定年度作业计划,将该计划与一系列其他文件一起提交给林业局进行验证和批准。获得批准后,中央机构(林业局)会发放年度容许砍伐量证书(对于 FMU,还会附带临时协议)、年度作业许可证(对于 FMU,还会附带经验证的管理计划)或立木材积销售许可证(用于销售待砍伐的树木),说明授权采伐的详细信息,包括采伐量和树种。另外,特许经营商还必须要求并获得区域林业代表团的活动开始通知。

对于共有林 (CF forêts communautaires),国家会在社区提出请求并起草基本管理计划 (PSG - Plan Simple de Gestion) 后将其转让给该社区(通过所成立的协会),该社区将在农村社区协会与林业局签署管理协议后管理该森林。社区负责管理这片森林(不得超过 5,000 公顷),林业局提供技术援助。CF 的轮伐期为 25 年,即社区与林业局签署的管理协议的期限。

若要经营 CF,社区必须根据年度活动计划并在提交各种文件(年度地块边界物质化的验证报告、上述边界物质化的验证证书、原木清查报告的评估证书以及原木清查报告的符合性证书)后从林业局获得年度伐木证书 (CAE - Certificat Annuel dExploitation)。   

每天需要将采伐的原木记录在相应森林管理单位 (UFA) 和采伐区块 (AAC) 的工作记录本 (Carnet de chantier - DF10) 中,包括树种、原木尺寸和相应的条形码。该工作记录本需要经主管机构签字,用于确定采伐税。

第三方权利

居住在 FMU 附近的居民通过 2 个组织结构参与实施管理措施:在林业局的推动下成立的农民森林委员会 (CPF - Comités Paysans-Forêts),以及可由公司设立(并非法定义务)的管理计划监控委员会 (CSPA - Comités de Suivi du Plan d’Aménagement)。

公司通过缴纳林业税 RFA (Redevance Forestière Annuelle — 年度林业税)为当地发展做贡献,临时伐木协议中注明了其金额(公司的拟议金额乘以表面积)。公司缴纳的总金额由国家 (50%) 和当地受益城镇(50%,其中,当地居民主导的项目占 6.75%)均分。用于当地社区的 RFA 份额由管理委员会管理,与 CPF 一样,该管理委员会(居民委员会)的成立也应依法进行。

贸易和运输

若要运输原木,伐木工必须获得安全的运单(原木和锯材)。运输原木需要使用经主管机构签字的运单 (Lettre de voiture - grumes)。运单列出了每个产品的参考编号(原木和锯材),即 DF10 或包装号、尺寸和材积、树种、起运地和目的地、货车标识等。该运单上运输原木的详细信息需要与工作记录本上记录的详细信息一致。

在安全的木材进厂登记表 (Carnet d’entrée usine) 中记录加工设施收到的原木,必须定期向主管机构提交该登记表,用于确定锯木厂的进厂税。加工设施需要持有 Certificat d’enregistrement en qualité de transformateur de bois,证明其为合法的加工设施。用加工木材的运单 (Lettre de Voiture – Débités) 运输加工木材。若要出口木材,出口商需要持有特定批次的出口授权 (Autorisation d’exportation de bois – AEB)。

human rights and Principle of free, prior and informed consent (FPIC)

Forestry operations in Cameroon must take into account the rights of local communities living in or near forest areas. These include customary use rights, access to forest resources, benefit-sharing mechanisms, and participation in certain consultation or information processes.

In practice, the main points to verify are:

  • whether local communities were informed before forest classification, zoning or logging activities;
  • whether information meetings were organised and documented;
  • whether community representatives participated in the relevant consultation processes;
  • whether social obligations included in the logging title specifications were implemented;
  • whether local communities received the benefits or infrastructure provided for under the applicable agreements;
  • whether customary access and use rights were respected.

For State forests, council forests and other forest titles, operators should request evidence such as minutes of information meetings, management plans, specifications attached to the logging title, proof of implementation of social commitments, and documents relating to community benefit-sharing mechanisms.

Important note on FPIC:
Cameroon’s legal framework provides for information and consultation of local communities in several forestry procedures. However, according to Preferred by Nature, it does not generally require explicit free, prior and informed consent as a mandatory condition for the classification of land into the permanent forest domain. Communities may be informed and may submit objections or reservations, but this is not equivalent to a full FPIC requirement.

Due diligence implication:
Operators should not treat the existence of a forest title as sufficient proof that community rights have been respected. They should verify whether consultation, benefit-sharing and social obligations have been effectively implemented, especially for community forests, sales of standing volume and other non-permanent forest domain sources. Preferred by Nature identifies risks related to local communities not being properly informed or consulted, social obligations not being respected, and community forests being managed without genuine involvement of local populations.

environmental protection requirements

Forestry operators in Cameroon must comply with environmental and biodiversity protection requirements throughout harvesting, transport, processing and export operations.

Key environmental requirements include:

  • respecting forest management plans, annual operating permits and authorised harvesting areas;
  • identifying and protecting areas and species that must not be harvested;
  • respecting rules on minimum cutting diameters, authorised volumes and species;
  • protecting watercourses, sensitive areas and biodiversity values;
  • preventing poaching and the transport of bushmeat by company staff;
  • carrying out environmental and social impact assessments where required;
  • implementing environmental and social management plans;
  • complying with environmental obligations for timber processing units.

TRAFFIC/FODER identifies several documents that may be used to verify environmental compliance, including environmental compliance certificates, environmental inspection reports, records of environmental offences, memoranda prohibiting poaching and transport of bushmeat, and documentation showing that environmental and social impact studies or management plans have been approved and implemented.

Preferred by Nature identifies environmental requirements as a specified risk area in Cameroon. Key risks include non-compliance with rules for operating in forest areas, lack of environmental impact assessments, failure to implement environmental and social management plans, harvesting of protected species, logging in protected areas, and failure to identify protected sites and species during the planning or harvesting phase.

Due diligence implication:
Operators should verify not only that environmental documents exist, but also that they are valid, relevant to the specific supply chain, and consistent with the actual harvesting area, species, volumes and processing activities. Environmental compliance should be checked alongside legality, traceability and social obligations.

Bans & quota

There is an export ban in place for exports of logs of the following species:

  • Acajou (Khayaanthotheca)
  • Afrormosia (Pericopsis elata)
  • Aningré (Aningeria altissima)
  • Bété (Mansonia altissima)
  • Bossé (Guarea cedrata)
  • Bubinga (Guibourtia tessmannii; Guibourtia demeusei)
  • Dibétou (Lovoa trichiliodes)
  • Douka (Tieghemella heckelii; Tieghemella africana)
  • Fromager (Ceiba pentandra)
  • Ilomba (Pycnanthus angolensis)
  • Iroko (Milicia excelsa)
  • Longhi (Gambeya spp.)
  • Moabi (Baillonella toxiperma)
  • Movingui (Distemonanthus benthamianus)
  • Ovangkol (Guibourtia ehie)
  • Padouk (Pterocarpus soyauxii)
  • Pao rosa (Bobgunnia fistuloides)
  • Red Doussié (Afzelia bipidensis)
  • Sapelli (Entandrophragma cylindricum)
  • Sipo (Entandrophragma utile)
  • Wengué (Millettia laurentii)
  • White Doussié (Afzelia pachyloba)
  • Zingana (Microberlinia bisulcata)

The export of Ayous, Azobé and Framiré logs is subject to the obtaining of quotas, which are auctioned off by the Minister in charge of forests.

CITES and protected species

There are  tree species listed on CITES Appendix II from Cameroon:

  • Afrormosia (Pericopsiselata)
  • Red stinkwood (Prunus africana)
  • Padouk (Pterocarpus spp. – including Pterocarpus soyauxii)

The exploitation of Bubinga (Guibourtiatessmannii; Guibourtiademeusei) and Wengue (Millettialaurentii) has been suspended on the whole extent of the national domain since 2012, until these species are listed on the CITES appendices. 3 species of Guibourtia (tessmanii, pellegriniana and demeusei) are now listed in Appendix 2 of the CITES, but Cameroon still hasn't lifted its harvesting ban.

National action on timber legality

Cameroon signed a FLEGT Voluntary Partnership Agreement (FLEGT VPA) with the European Union in May 2010. The aims of the VPA are to strengthen forest governance, promote Cameroon's timber products and improve Cameroon's competitiveness in the international marketplace. The VPA also encourages investment in sustainable forest management and strengthens the capacity of forest stakeholders. Cameroon is currently developing the systems needed to control, verify and license legal timber, which include the development of a SIGIF II database (Système Informatique de Gestion des Informations Forestières, or Digitalised Forest Management Information System) which will be used to ensure timber traceability.